América Latina y el Caribe es una región de contrastes. Casi todos tienen un teléfono celular, como lo demuestra el aumento exponencial de los suscriptores de teléfonos móviles del 10% de la población en 2000 a más del 70% en 2017. De hecho, la región alberga algunos de los usuarios de internet móvil más sofisticados y también los más ávidos usuarios de redes sociales del mundo, liderados por México, Argentina y Brasil. Sin embargo, la cobertura varía según los países y millones de personas aún no tienen acceso a conexiones confiables de banda ancha móvil, particularmente en áreas rurales. Incluso para aquellos con acceso, la calidad del servicio a menudo es pobre, lo que limita su potencial para aprovechar al máximo las últimas tecnologías y dificulta la reducción de la brecha digital.
En 2017, menos del 20% de la población de la región tenía acceso a la tecnología 4G, en comparación con casi el 70% en las economías más avanzadas. En cambio, alrededor del 40% de los clientes de telefonía móvil en América Latina y el Caribe viven en un mundo 2G. Más allá de la necesidad de una mayor adopción de tecnología 4G más moderna, la calidad del servicio es igualmente importante. Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido definen como servicio de banda ancha al que brinda una velocidad mínima de descarga de 25 Mbps (megabytes por segundo) y 24 Mbps, respectivamente, y al que posee una velocidad de al menos 10 Mbps se lo considera banda ancha decente. En base a estos parámetros, a fines de 2017, ningún país de la región ofrece ni siquiera una banda ancha decente para el usuario típico, con una velocidad de descarga promedio de 5 Mbps en toda la región. Algunos países, como Chile, Trinidad y Tobago y Uruguay, están cerca de alcanzar este umbral con velocidades promedio de alrededor de 9 Mbps, seguidas de Las Bahamas con 8 Mbps.
¿Qué significa tener una velocidad de descarga más lenta en la práctica? Suponiendo que los usuarios tienen acceso a una velocidad de 5 Mbps, esto les permite enviar correos electrónicos, navegar por internet y utilizar aplicaciones de pago en línea, pero no pueden realizar videoconferencias o transmisión de video HD, que requieren velocidades cinco veces más rápidas. En esencia, el usuario promedio en América Latina y el Caribe no tiene acceso a algunas de las mejores aplicaciones web. Y no es sorprendente que las velocidades de descarga más bajas se encuentren en las comunidades más vulnerables, incluidos los sectores urbanos de más bajos recursos, las pequeñas ciudades rurales y, en particular, las mujeres que viven en zonas rurales, relegando a estas poblaciones aún más al margen de la economía digital. La situación también es problemática para las empresas, en particular para las micro y pequeñas empresas, que son la principal fuente de empleo en la región, que no pueden acceder a los servicios en línea que podrían ayudar a aumentar su productividad y competitividad. Esta falta de velocidad importa, a medida que los países y las empresas necesiten acelerar la adopción de tecnología para subirse a la revolución digital.
Si bien la región ha logrado avances significativos en la expansión de la cobertura de banda ancha para la mayoría de la población, estos esfuerzos no son suficientes en una industria dinámica como las telecomunicaciones. Para fomentar una mayor inclusión social y digital dentro de los países, y cerrar la brecha digital entre América Latina y el Caribe y las economías más avanzadas, las inversiones pasadas en infraestructura deben complementarse con inversiones continuas para expandir rápidamente la cobertura de 4G e incrementar la calidad del servicio para satisfacer la creciente demanda de datos móviles.
BID Invest está ayudando a incrementar las inversiones en el sector, junto con proveedores locales de banda ancha móvil. En Paraguay, por ejemplo, donde la penetración de banda ancha móvil es baja y las velocidades promedio de descarga están entre las más lentas de la región (2 Mbps), Tigo Paraguay está construyendo una nueva red 4G LTE en los centros urbanos de Asunción, Ciudad del Este y San Lorenzo y ampliando su red 3G en todo el país. En Argentina, también uno de los mayores operadores de telefonía móvil del país, Telecom Personal, está desplegando una red 4G LTE en todo el país, con el objetivo de aumentar tanto la cobertura como la calidad de los servicios de datos de banda ancha móvil.
Si bien la tecnología móvil está en constante evolución, inversiones como estas modernizarán las redes nacionales, incluirán a más personas y empresas desatendidas al ecosistema digital y establecerán una base más sólida para la adaptación futura a tecnologías de próxima generación, como la próxima ola de 5G. De esta manera, las telecomunicaciones móviles pueden ser un verdadero vehículo para el desarrollo en la región.
Para profundizar en la dinámica de la industria móvil en la región, consulte La Evolución de las Telecomunicaciones Móviles en América Latina y el Caribe, parte de la Serie Desarrollo a través del Sector Privado de BID Invest, o un resumen ejecutivo aquí. El estudio utiliza un nuevo conjunto de datos de GSMA Intelligence, que identifica y compara las tasas de penetración de mercado, las tendencias de inversión y la adopción de tecnología para 26 países de América Latina y el Caribe a lo largo de 17 años (2000-2017).
Diego es economista en la División de Efectividad en el Desarrollo de BID Invest. Su especialidad es el análisis económico y la regulación de los sectores de infraestructura y telecomunicaciones. Tiene experiencia en el análisis de impacto en el desarrollo y en el financiamiento de proyectos de infraestructura. Anteriormente, Diego trabajó en la gerencia del Departamento de Infraestructura y Medio Ambiente del BID y en la agencia de antitrust de Argentina. Tiene un doctorado en economía de la Universidad de Illinois (EE. UU.) y una maestría en economía de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (Argentina).
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