*Por Diana Mejía, Karina Azar, Edgar Lara, especialistas de CAF –banco de desarrollo de América Latina
Un experimento realizado en Holanda muestra que las mujeres saben menos de temas financieros que los hombres, pero saben más de lo que creen que saber.
Además, difieren con respecto a los hombres en varios puntos:
Por otra parte, según un informe que publicamos recientemente, las mujeres que son jefes del hogar tienen mejores actitudes y conductas financieras. Este segmento de mujeres tiene menos aversión al riesgo, vigila personalmente sus finanzas y es más propenso a planificar en función a metas financieras de largo plazo.
Por estas razones, se requiere de programas que ataquen estas diferencias y que se enfoquen en aumentar la autoconfianza de las mujeres. A nivel de política pública, es necesario incorporar el enfoque de género en las estrategias nacionales de educación financiera de los distintos países de América Latina que están adelantando estos esfuerzos de coordinación y cooperación entre los sectores público y privado, así como también desarrollar productos financieros que tomen en cuenta estas características, y que incluso puedan funcionar de vehículo para transmitir algunos de los conocimientos críticos para mejorar las decisiones financieras de las mujeres.
Una visión óptima de los productos financieros debería tener en cuenta un enfoque de género, de forma tal que se genere valor para las mujeres y rentabilidad para las instituciones financieras.
Existen algunas características aplicables a la mayoría de los productos financieros desarrollados por instituciones, pensando en las mujeres como grupo principal. Algunas de estas son créditos sin aval, o garantías intangibles (joyas, familiares como garantes, mueblería, entre otros); préstamos a tasas más bajas (por ejemplo, cuando se trate de créditos para educación solicitados por madres cabeza de hogar); ampliación de los periodos de gracia; disminución de la tarifa mínima para la apertura de una cuenta de ahorro; servicios no financieros (tales como mini-MBAs, cursos de gestión y planificación de negocios).
A pesar de existir múltiples diseños de productos financieros con enfoque de género, estos deben ser complementados con una reducción de los procesos burocráticos, que garanticen flexibilidad en los requisitos y tiempos de procesamiento expeditos.
Para que el diseño de los productos financieros tenga mejores condiciones, es indispensable que su promoción se dé por medio de políticas públicas. En este sentido, es necesario potenciar el rol de los gobiernos a través de los bancos de desarrollo para brindar condiciones diferenciadas a aquellos préstamos otorgados a instituciones financieras que a su vez los brindan a beneficiarias mujeres.
Con el objeto de potenciar la educación financiera de las mujeres e implementar productos financieros ajustados a sus necesidades, los gobiernos de la región deben mejorar sus sistemas estadísticos o de datos para poder caracterizar el desempeño de la oferta y demanda de financiamiento en términos de género. Sobre esa base se pueden diseñar políticas públicas para el desarrollo productivo, consumo, acceso a la vivienda o propiedad de activos, y así fomentar la autonomía económica de las mujeres.
El empoderamiento y la autonomía económica de las mujeres debe formar parte de la agenda de desarrollo de la región, y la inclusión financiera es uno de los medios para lograrlo. En este sentido, desde CAF –banco de desarrollo de América Latina-, hemos propuesto unas recomendaciones de política pública para ampliar las oportunidades de las mujeres.
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