Por Alejandro Miranda Velázquez
Ejecutivo Principal, CAF – Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina
La mitigación y adaptación son las dos respuestas estrella para enfrentar el desafío del cambio climático, por buenas razones: a través de las acciones de mitigación se reduce la emisión de gases de invernadero mientras que con la adaptación, el mundo se prepara para afrontar sus efectos.
Ambas acciones son altamente relevantes y complementarias, pero cuando se analizan y plantean soluciones, generalmente los gobiernos dirigen sus esfuerzos hacia una de las caras de la moneda, descuidando la otra y acotando el alcance de las iniciativas.
El dilema de priorizar un tipo de acción sobre otra es, en gran medida, resultado de la manera en que históricamente se llevaron a cabo las negociaciones de la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. En su momento, la comunidad internacional centró su atención en alcanzar un acuerdo vinculante que limitara –mitigando así- la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero, sin reconocer la oportunidad y derecho que la adaptación representaba para los países en vías de desarrollo. De hecho, no fue sino hasta la ratificación del Acuerdo de París en 2015, cuando formalmente ésta alcanzó el mismo nivel de importancia que la mitigación, incluso en los países en vías de desarrollo.
Esta aproximación originó que en la última década casi la totalidad de los recursos de cooperación disponibles para combatir el cambio climático se destinarán a acciones de mitigación. A esto se sumó la falta de participación del sector privado en la implementación de este tipo de actividades, por no contar con el conocimiento e información para evaluar sus beneficios, incluyendo el retorno de la inversión.
Diferentes estudios establecen que el costo incremental para hacer inversiones resilientes al clima, varía entre 5 y 20 por ciento del total de la inversión. Estos mismos estudios concluyen que aún cuando se requiere invertir un monto adicional para incluir el componente de adaptación en los proyectos, sus beneficios son mayores que sus costos. Por ejemplo, se calcula que por cada dólar invertido se pueden ahorrar al menos 5, debido a que hay daños evitados, es decir, costos que habrían ocurrido en ausencia de cualquier medida de adaptación.
Para hacer frente a esta realidad se requiere dejar atrás la manera parcial de concebir los proyectos y crear mayor conciencia acerca de los beneficios que representa una aproximación integral. En ese sentido, la entrada en vigor del Acuerdo de París abre una excelente oportunidad para iniciar un nuevo abordaje en la concepción de las políticas públicas y proyectos, reinventando su alcance, fortaleciendo su vínculo y -sobre todo- maximizando y potenciando sus beneficios. Esta aproximación permitirá alinear las acciones climáticas con el desarrollo sostenible en vez de obstaculizarlo; reducir los costos en la implementación de políticas evitando la duplicación de esfuerzos; controlar y balancear los efectos negativos de estrategias independientes, y por cierto fomentar la sostenibilidad de las iniciativas.
Bajo este enfoque, es fundamental continuar fortaleciendo las capacidades de los gobiernos en el diseño y estructuración de proyectos integrales que, por sus propias características, no solamente les apoyará a alcanzar sus metas climáticas, sino que también contribuirá a migrar a economías bajas en carbono y resilientes con el clima.
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