*Federico Ortega
América Latina es una de las regiones más desiguales del mundo, situación que restringe sus posibilidades de dar un salto adelante en su desarrollo. Esta desigualdad está relacionada a una cantidad de variables diversas, entre las que destacan unos sistemas educativos que impiden que los jóvenes de hogares vulnerables puedan mejorar su situación socioeconómica y disfrutar de mejores oportunidades de empleo.
Los resultados de las pruebas PISA demuestran que en términos generales la región está por debajo de los estándares globales de rendimiento escolar. Tres países de la región se encuentran entre los últimos 10 lugares, mientras que el país con mejores resultados –Chile- está todavía por debajo del promedio de la OECD.
Estos pobres resultados esconden la realidad de que en los países de la región tiende a haber pocos colegios de excelencia –comparables con los mejores del mundo- y una gran masa de colegios de baja calidad. A los colegios de élite asisten los hijos de las familias pertenecientes a los estratos más altos de la sociedad, hecho que contribuye a afincar aún más las diferencias sociales.
Frente a esta realidad, existe el consenso generalizado entre los encargados de formular políticas públicas en la región de que es imprescindible hacer esfuerzos por proveer una educación de calidad, especialmente en colegios públicos donde se forma el grueso de la población joven y vulnerable. Pero las políticas públicas para lograr esto toman tiempo y son costosas, por lo que pasarán algunos años hasta que podamos observar impactos importantes.
Una estrategia alternativa para apurar ese proceso de inclusión ha sido crear pequeños espacios de excelencia que puedan ser un atajo para los mejores estudiantes de los grupos más vulnerables y que sirvan de ejemplo para el resto del sistema educativo. En Perú, por ejemplo, el Ministerio de Educación (MINEDU) ha impulsado un programa denominado «Modelo de Servicio Educativo para Estudiantes de Alto Desempeño», implementado a través de los Colegios de Alto Rendimiento (COAR), que tiene el objetivo de proporcionar educación de alta calidad a un grupo selecto de estudiantes con altas calificaciones en la educación básica regular. Se trata de un servicio educativo con altos estándares de calidad nacional e internacional que permite fortalecer y desarrollar sus competencias personales, académicas, artísticas y/o deportivas. El modelo COAR contempla colegios con la modalidad de residencia -con todos los gastos cubiertos- para cursar tercero, cuarto y quinto año de secundaria.
A nivel pedagógico, el modelo considera un diseño integral basado en el marco curricular de Perú (estándar nacional), el programa de diploma del bachillerato internacional (estándar internacional) y materias complementarias como liderazgo, trabajo en equipo, valores, uso de TIC, dominio de idiomas, gestión ambiental, entre otras.
El currículo integral es complementado con sesiones de mentoría personalizadas para cada estudiante. Los estudiantes que resultan seleccionados son aquellos quienes logran pasar las distintas etapas del proceso. Inicialmente, se pueden postular los 3 mejores alumnos de cada segundo año de secundaria de cada escuela pública. Los jóvenes deben presentar una prueba de valoración de competencias que evalúa habilidades cognitivas, además de asistir a una jornada vivencial y una entrevista personal.
Aunque arrancó en 2013 con alcance limitado, los COAR son todavía una experiencia piloto que busca probar un modelo educativo. En este sentido, CAF –Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina- y MINEDU están llevando a cabo una evaluación del impacto de los Colegios de Alto Rendimiento para identificar y cuantificar el impacto de la intervención en términos de capacidades básicas, habilidades blandas, logros y percepciones de los estudiantes.
La pregunta principal que pretende contestar la evaluación es si la asistencia a los colegios mejora las capacidades y logros de los alumnos que reciben la intervención. Las variables contempladas incluyen resultados en pruebas estandarizadas, capacidades blandas, ingreso a la universidad y hasta ingresos alcanzados. Aunque se esperaría que un modelo con tantas ventajas tendría un efecto positivo, la idea es entender la magnitud de esos logros y contextualizar la gran inversión realizada.
Se espera que este estudio ayude al MINEDU a tomar decisiones sobre la consolidación o no de los COAR como parte de su estrategia para mejorar la calidad de la educación y promover una sociedad más justa en Perú. Pero también pensamos que servirá para los formuladores de políticas públicas educativas de toda la región que han considerado impulsar políticas similares. Al final de cuentas, citando al pedagogo P. Freire, la educación no cambia al mundo, sino a las personas que van a cambiarlo.
*Federico Ortega es ejecutivo principal de evaluación de impacto en CAF –Banco de Desarrollo de América Latina
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